⮨: ͻ Nominative Case Objective Case ⥫ ꥪ 裂⥫ - 1(2) Ķ I - me - () my(mine) - () he - him - () his(his) - () she - her - () her(hers) - () it - ,, it - (),, its(its) - ,() we - us - () our(ours) - () you - you - ()⥡ your(yours) - () they - them - () their(theirs) - () ͼ ⮨ (믮 ஫ 饣): Ŀ myself - () ᥡ, ᠬ (-) himself - () ᥡ, ᠬ itself - () ᥡ, ᠬ yourselves - () ᥡ, ᠬ yourself - (,) ᥡ, ᠬ (-) herself - () ᥡ, ᠬ ourselves - () ᥡ, ᠬ themselves - () ᥡ, ᠬ ⥫ ⮨ ( 믮 ஫ 饣): Ŀ this(these) - () that(those) - () the same book - ⠦ ᠬ such book - ⠪ ⮨ ⥫: Ŀ where - , 㤠 who(whom) - () whose - 祩 what - , , which - , , , ⮳ ⮨ ।: Ŀ all - , , both - each - either -  ( ) every - 直, many,few - , () much,litle - , () neither - , 㣮, , no - , , none - , one - , another - 㣮 other - 㣮 some - ,- ᪮쪮 any - -,  anything - -, 㣮, something - -, - somebody, someone - -, - anybody, anyone - -, 直, , somewhere - -, -, 㤠-, 㤠- anywhere - -, , , , 㤠 though - 砭 ந ⢨⥫: ͻ 砭 ਬ Ķ -er(-or,-ar) worker - ࠡ稩 -ness happiness - -ment improvement - 襭 -(a)tion examination - -ty activity - ⥫쭮 -hood childhood - ⢮ -dom freedom - ᢮ -ship friendship - 㦡 ͼ 稥 (-ly): day - daily - ; week - weekly - 쭮; ந ਫ⥫: ͻ 䨪 ਬ Ķ -ful beatiful - ᨢ -less useless - ᯮ -able comfortable - ⠡멺 -ous famous - -y lucky - ⫨ -ly lovely -  -ish redish - ᭮ -en golden - Ķ 䨪 ਬ Ķ un- untrue - in- insincere - ७ im- impossible - ir- irrelevant - 㬥 ͼ ⥯ ࠢ ਫ⥫: ͻ ⥫쭠 ॢ室 Ķ ᫮ -er long(er) - -est long(est) - ᠬ ᫮ more beatiful - ᨢmost beatiful - ᠬ ᨢ ᪫祭 better - the best - 訩 (good) worse - 㦥 the worst - ᠬ 宩 (bad) less - the least - 쪨 (little) more - the most - ᠬ 让 (many/mach) farther - the farthest - ᠬ 쭨 (far) ͼ : ͻ Infinitivesimple pastpast past ॢ Inf. simple past past past partic. IIpartic. I partic. II partic. I V V2 V3 V-ing Ķ V V+ed V+ed V+ing ࠢ Ķ to be was, were been being to bear bore borne bearing ᨢ ਭᥭ 騩 to become became become becoming ⠭ ⠭ to begin began begun 稭 稭 to blow blew blown blowing 稩 to break broke broken breaking 稩 to bring brought brought bringing ਭ ਭᨢ ਭᥭ ਭ騩 to build built built building 㢠 㢠 㤮 騩 to burst burst burst ஧ਢ ஧ਢ ஧iࢠ ஧ਢ騩 to buy bought bought 㢠 㢠 㯫 稩 to can could - i to catch caught caught i to choose chose chosen ࠢ ࠭ to come came come ਡ뢠 ਡ뢠 to cut cut cut i i i to do did done to draw drew drawn   쮢 to drink drank drunk to eat ate eaten i i to fall fell fallen to feel felt felt i㢠 i㢠 i to fight fought fought to find found found 室 室 订 to fly flew flown i i⠢ i⠢ to forget forgot forgoten 㢠 㢠 to get got got ਬ㢠 ਬ㢠 ਬ to give gave given i to go went gone 室 室 ਩订 to grow grew grown i i to have had had to hear heard heard 堢 堢 to hide hid hidden 客 客 客 to hold held held ঠ ঠ to keep kept kept ਬ㢠 ਬ㢠 ࠬ to know knew known i to lead led led i ਢi to learn learnt(ed) learnt(ed) 稢 稢 to leave left left 訢 蠢 to lend lent lent to let let let to lie lay lain to lose lost lost 砢 ⨢ to make made made making ஡ ஡ ஡ ஡騩 to may might - i to mean meant meant 㢠i 㢠i to meet met met i i砢 i to must - - to pay paid paid ⨢ ⨢ to put put put to read read read ⠢ ⠢ to ring rang rung to rise rose risen i㢠 i㢠 i騢 to run ran run runing i i ਡi i騩 to say said said saing ᪠ 騩 to see saw seen 稢 稢 to sell sold sold த த த to send sent sent 뫠 뫠 to set set set ⠭⠭ to shine shone shone i i⨢ i⨢ to show showed shown 㢠 㢠 to shut shut shut 뢠 뢠 to sing sang sung i i to sit sat sat ᨤi ᨤi to sleep slept slept ᯠ ᯠ to speak spoke spoken ਢ to spend spent spent 砢 ⨢ to stand stood stood ⠢ to swim swam swum ਯ to take took taken ࠢ to teach taught taught 稢 稢 to tell told told ஧i ஧i ஧i to think thought thought 㬠 㬠 ਤ㬠 to throw threw thrown understandunderstood understood ஧i ஧i ஧i to wear wore worn ᨢ ਭi to win won won ࠢ ࠢ ࠢ to write wrote written ᠢ ᠢ ͼ 4. । 4.1. of - 㪠 த⥫ ; for - in - () at - (⠭樨), (⥠), () on - (⥭, ⮫, ) from - (), , with, without - , to - , , (ࠢ ꥪ) near - , , over - , १, under - up - down - off - , (㤠) 4.2. ਧ along - around - , across - १ against - ⨢ through - १, ᪢ before - । between - behind - , below - 4.3. ⠢ in front (of) - । inside - , outside - , । into - ( 祣 ) upon - ᢥ out of - because of - - in view of - 4.4. : there - ⠬; have to - 4.5. ६: at - (at one o'clock - ) on - (on Sunday - ᥭ) in - (in the morning - ஬; in an hour - १ ) by - (by 8 o'clock - 8 ᠬ) since - (since 8 o'clock - 8 ᠬ) for - 祭 (for 8 o'clock - 祭 8 ᮢ) during - 祭 before - , । (before breakfast - । ࠪ) until - after - ᫥ (after 8 o'clock - ᫥ 8 ᮢ) 5. ନ஢ ।: 5.1. ⮥ । ⢥ ᭮: I enter the church - 宦 મ. We see the train - . ⥫ ।: It is a station - ⠭. He is in the room - ⮩ : I see a shop there - ⠬. There is a boy at school - 稪 誮. There is a factory there - ⠬. ⢥ : The woman drives a car - 騭 設. ࠤ⥫ Passive Voice I go by a bus. - ⮡ᮬ. 7. . Pasive Voice ନ: . 7.1 Simple Present (⮥ 饥, ॣ୮) (, ⠥) 饬 ⢨ 쥣 -s -es ͻ . ⢥ত. ⢥ Passive Ķ I, [] work Do [] work? Yes, [] do No, [] don't [] am punished you,we,they [] work Do [] work? Yes, [] do No, [] don't [] are punished He,she,it [] worksDoes [] work?Yes, [] doesNo, [] doesn't[] is punished ͼ 뢠 ७ ॣ୮ ⢨: Active: I walk to the office - 宦 (筮) . Passive: I am punished by you - (筮) 뢠 ⮡ I am delivered the mail - ⮢ (筮) . The mail is delivered by I - ⮢ (筮) . 7.2 Present Continuous (饥 த⥫쭮, ) (, ) ͻ . ⢥ত ⢥ Passive Ķ I, [] am working am [] working? Yes, [] am No, [] am not [] am being punished you,we,they [] are workingare [] working?Yes, [] areNo, [] are not[] are being punished He,she,it [] is working is [] working? Yes, [] is No, [] is not [] is being punished ͼ 뢠 믮 ⢨ த : Active: I am walking to the office - (ᥩ) . Passive: I am being punished by you - 뢠 (ᥩ) ⮡ I am being delivered the mail - ⮢ (ᥩ) . The mail is being delivered by I - ⮢ (ᥩ) . 7.3 Present Perfect (饥 襭) (ਡ, ਫ⥫) ͻ . ⢥ত ⢥ Passive Ķ I,you,we,they[] have workedhave [] worked?Yes, [] haveNo, [] have not[] have been punished He,she,it [] has worked has [] worked? Yes, [] has No, [] has not [] has been punished ͼ Active: a) ⢨ 襭 諮(⮫쪮 襭), - 易 騬: I have just walked to the office - (⮫쪮 ) . ) 祭 ⢨, 砢襣 襤襬, த饣 饬. We have lived here for five years - 祭 . ) 稨 稩 ever( ) never(). I have never studied English - 稫 ᪨. Passive: I have been punished by you - (㦥) ⮡ I have been delivered the mail - ⠢ (⮫쪮 ) . The mail has been delivered by I - ⠢ (㦥) . 7.4 Present Perfect Continuous (饥 襭, த⥫쭮, ꥤ ᪮쪮 㧮) ͻ . ⢥ত ⢥ Ķ I,you,we,they[] have been workinghave [] been working?Yes, [] have beenNo, I have not been He,she,it [] has been working has [] been working? Yes, [] has been No, he has not been ͼ Active: a) ⢨ 筮 襭 諮, - 易 騬 ( 祭 ६). I have been walking to the office for an houre - (㦥) 祭 . 7.5 Simple Past (⮥ 諮) (, ⠫ 筮) ͻ . ⢥ত. ⢥ Passive Ķ you,we,they [] workedDid [] work?Yes, [] didNo, [] didn't[] were punished I,he,she,it [] workedDid [] work?Yes, [] didNo, [] didn't[] was punished ͼ Active: 뢠 ⢨ 襭 諮 易 騬: I walked to the office - 室 () . Passive: I was punished by you - 뢠 (筮) ⮡ I was delivered the mail - ⮢﫠 . The mail was delivered by I - ⠢﫠 . 7.6 Past Continuous (諮 த⥫쭮) (, ⠫ ) ͻ . ⢥ত ⢥ Passive Ķ I,he,she,it [] was working was [] working? Yes, [] was No, [] was not [] was being punished you,we,they [] were workingwere [] working?Yes, [] wereNo, [] were not[] were being punished ͼ 뢠 ⥫쭮 ⢨ 諮 䮭 ண ந室 ⢨. Active: I was walking to the office when the telephone rang - , ⥫䮭. Passive: I was being punished by you when the telephone rang - 뢠 () ⮡, ⥫䮭. I was being delivered the mail when the telephone rang - ⠢﫨 , ⥫䮭. The mail was being delivered by I when the telephone rang - ⠢﫠 , ⥫䮭. 7.7 Past Perfect (諮 襭) (ਡ, ਫ⥫ 㦥) ͻ . ⢥ত ⢥ Passive Ķ All [] had workedhad [] worked?Yes, [] hadNo, [] had not[] had been punished ͼ 뢠 ⢨ 諮, ந室襣 ࠭ . Active: I had walked to the office when the telephone rang - 襫 (㦥) , ⥫䮭. Passive: I had been punished by you when the telephone rang - (㦥) ⮡, ⥫䮭. I had been delivered the mail when the telephone rang - ⠢ , ⥫䮭. The mail had been delivered by I when the telephone rang - ⠢ , ⥫䮭. 7.8 Past Perfect Continuous (諮 襭 ) ͻ . ⢥ত ⢥ Ķ All [] had been workinghad [] been worked?Yes, I had beenNo, I had not been ͼ 뢠 ⢨ 諮, ந室襣 ࠭ . I had been walked to the office for an houre - 襫 (㦥) , 祭 . 7.9 Simple Futur (⮥ 饥) (㤥 , 㤥 ) ͻ . ⢥ত ⢥ Passive Ķ All [] will workwill [] work?Yes, [] willNo, [] won't[] will be punished ͼ ॡ 祭 ⢨ 饬. Active: I will walk to the office - () 室 . Passive: I will be punished by you - () 뢠 ⮡, ⥫䮭. I will be delivered the mail - 㤥 () ⠢ . The mail will be delivered by I - 㤥 () ⠢ . 7.10 Futur Continuous (饥 த⥫쭮) (㤥 , 㤥 ) ͻ . ⢥ত ⢥ Ķ All []'ll be workingWill [] be working?Yes, [] willNo, [] will not ͼ 뢠 ⥫쭮 ⢨ 饬 䮭 ண 㤥 ந室 ⢨. I will be walking to the office when the telephone rang - (), ⥫䮭. 7.11 Futur Perfect (饥 襭) (ਡ, ਫ 㦥) ͻ . ⢥ত ⢥ Passive Ķ All [] will have worked Will [] have worked Yes, [] will No, [] will not[] will have been punished ͼ 뢠 ⢨ 饬, 襭 । . Active: I will have walked to the office when the telephone rang - (㦥) ਩ , ⥫䮭. Passive: I will have been punished by you when the telephone rang - (㦥) ⮡, ⥫䮭. I will have been delivered the mail when the telephone rang - (㦥) ⠢ , ⥫䮭. The mail will have been delivered by I when the telephone rang - (㦥) 㤥 ⠢ , ⥫䮭. 7.12 Futur Perfect Continuous (饥 襭 த⥫쭮) ͻ . ⢥ত ⢥ Ķ All [] will have been workingWill [] have been worked Yes, [] will No, [] will not ͼ 뢠 ⢨ 饬, 襭 । . I will have been walking to the office for an hour when the telephone rang - (㦥) , ⥫䮭. 7.13 Futur in the Past Simple (饥 諮 ⮥) ͻ . ⢥ত ⢥ Passive Ķ All [] would work Would [] work Yes, [] would No, [] would not[] would be punished ͼ 뢠 ⢨ 諮 饬. Active: He told I would walk to the office - ਫ () 室 . Passive: He told I would be punished by you - ਫ , () 뢠 ⮡. He told I would be delivered the mail - ਫ , () ⠢ . He told The mail would be delivered by I - ਫ , 㤥 () ⠢ . 7.14 Futur in the Past Continuous (饥 諮 த⥫쭮) ͻ . ⢥ত ⢥ Ķ All [] would be working Would [] be working Yes, [] would No, [] would not ͼ 뢠 ⢨ 諮 த饥 - , 饬. He told I would be walking to the office - ਫ () . 7.15 Futur in the Past Perfect (饥 諮 襭) ͻ . ⢥ত ⢥ Passive Ķ All [] would have workedWould [] have worked Yes, [] would No, [] would not[] would have been punished ͼ 뢠 ⢨ 諮 䮭 ண 㤥 ந室 ⢨, 饬 . Active: He told I would have walked to the office - ਫ ਩ . Passive: He told I would have been punished by you - ਫ , ⮡. He told I would have been delivered the mail - ਫ , 㤥 ⠢ . He told The mail would have been delivered by I - ਫ , 㤥 ⠢ . 7.15 Futur in the Past Perfect Continuous (饥 諮 襭-த⥫쭮) ͻ . ⢥ত ⢥ Ķ All [] would have been working Would [] have been working Yes, [] would No, [] would not ͼ 뢠 ⢨ 諮 䮭 ண 㤥 ந室 ⢨ 祭 ६, 饬 . He told I would have been walking to the office for hour - ਫ 㦥 . 8.0 GOING TO FUTURE (⢨ 饬) I am goind to walke to the office - ਩ . 9.0 Subjunctive ᫮⥫쭮 Subjunctive: He, she, it go, take, have Indicative: He, she, it goes, takes, has a) ਤ । ࠦ 室, ॡ, ਪ, . (necessary, desirable, important, insist, recommended) I am necessary be walked to the office - 㦭 ਩ . ) ਤ । ᫥  < as if, as though > I am walking to the office as if I am wanted it. - . ) ਤ । ࠦ ⢨ < to wish > I wish I were not walked to the office. - 室 . ) ॠ ᫮ ਤ ।. If I had walked to the office, I could finish my a work. - ᫨ 室 , 稫 ࠡ ) । ਤ筮. If I am walking to the office now - ᫨ 襫 . 10.0 (ࠦ ⭮襭 ⢨) May, might ࠦ , ᮬ: I may walk to the office now - 室 . May i walk to the office now - 室 . Can , could ࠦ ᯮᮡ: I an walk to the office now - . Can i walk to the office now - . Must ࠦ ⢮ I must walk to the office now - . Must i walk to the office now - ⥯. Need ࠦ ॡ, 㯮ॡ ⮫쪮 ଥ 饣 ६ I am need walk to the office - 㦭 . Should - ࠦ - ⠢, 㢥饢,४ You should walk to the office - ᫥ . Would - ࠦ - ୮ ⢨ 諮, , ७, I would walk to the office - . 11.0 ⠢ ࠦ: each other - (ਫ) ; long time - ( ); fairly well - () 쭮 ; 12. ।: 12.1 ⮥ ⢮⥫쭮 ।: ͻ 饥 㥬 . Ķ I like tea Ķ It[This] is [not] tea Is it tea? ͼ 12.2 ⥫쭮 . ନ 䨭⨢ to: Speak! - . Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous Present Pasive ⢥ Past Pasive ⢥ Future Pasive ⢥ Future in the Past Pasive ⢥